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The Vienna Circle ((ドイツ語:Wiener Kreis)) of Logical Empiricism was a group of philosophers and scientists drawn from the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics who met regularly from 1924 to 1936 at the University of Vienna, chaired by Moritz Schlick. In 2015, as part of the 650th anniversary, the University of Vienna organized an exhibition on the Vienna Circle. ==Overview== Among the members of the inner circle were Schlick, Hans Hahn, Philipp Frank, Otto Neurath, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Richard von Mises, Karl Menger, Kurt Gödel, Friedrich Waismann, Felix Kaufmann, Viktor Kraft and Edgar Zilsel. In addition, the Vienna Circle was occasionally visited by Alfred Tarski, Hans Reichenbach, Carl Gustav Hempel, Willard Van Orman Quine, Ernest Nagel, Alfred Jules Ayer and Frank P. Ramsey.〔Cp. the partition into “inner circle” and “periphery” in Stadler 2001.〕 Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper were in close contact to the Vienna Circle, but never participated in the meetings of the Schlick-Circle.〔From 1926 to 1933 there were occasional meetings of Wittgenstein with Schlick, Waismann, Carnap and Feigl. Cp. Stadler 2001, chapter on "Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle", 422-441.〕〔On Popper and the Vienna Circle, cp. Stadler 2001, 453-473.〕 The philosophical position of the Vienna Circle was called Logical Empiricism (German: ''Logischer Empirismus''), Logical Positivism or Neopositivism. It was influenced by Ernst Mach, David Hilbert, French Conventionalism (Henri Poincaré and Pierre Duhem), Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Albert Einstein. The Vienna Circle was pluralistic and committed to the ideals of Enlightenment. It was unified by the aim of making philosophy scientific with the help of modern logic. Main topics were foundational debates in the natural and social sciences, logic and mathematics, the modernization of empiricism by modern logic, the search for an empiricist criterion of meaning, the critique of metaphysics and the unification of the sciences in the unity of science.〔Cp. Stöltzner/Uebel 2006, LII-LXXIX.〕 The Vienna Circle appeared in public with the publication of various book series – ''Schriften zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung'' (''Monographs on the Scientific World-Conception''), ''Einheitswissenschaft'' (''Unified Science'') and the journal ''Erkenntnis'' – and the organization of international conferences in Prague, Kaliningrad, Paris, Copenhagen, Cambridge, UK and Cambridge, Mass. Its public profile was provided by the ''Ernst Mach Society'' (German: ''Verein Ernst Mach'') through which members of the Vienna Circle sought to popularize their ideas in the context of programmes for national education in Vienna. During the era of Austrofascism and after the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany most members of the Vienna Circle were forced to emigrate. The murder of Schlick in 1936 by a former student put an end to the Vienna Circle in Austria. The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th-century philosophy, especially philosophy of science and analytic philosophy is immense up to the present day. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vienna Circle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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